Title Ekspertni sustav za podučavanje elementarne algebre
Author Neven Jurković
Mentor Marijan Đurek (mentor)
Committee member Dimitrije Ugrin-Šparac (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Marijan Đurek (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Strahil Ristov (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Alfred Žepić (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Siniša Srbljić (član povjerenstva)
Granter University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (Department of Applied Mathematics) Zagreb
Defense date and country 2002-05-28, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline TECHNICAL SCIENCES Computing
Universal decimal classification (UDC ) 004 - Computer science and technology. Computing. Data processing
Abstract Danas postoje mnogi softverski sustavi koji pomažu pri učenju matematike. Bez obzira na njihove ciljeve, takvi sustavi najčešće nisu uspješni s obrazovnoga gledišta. Glavni razlog njihova neuspjeha jest u različitosti između osnovnih algoritama za simboličku manipulaciju koje takvi sustavi koriste, te onih što ih učenici trebaju naučiti. Ova disertacija temelji se na premisi da obrazovni simbolički manipulator mora biti drukčije dizajniran od onoga koji će koristiti profesionalni matematičari. Takav je pristup bio prisutan u razvoju Algebratora - softverskog sustava za poduku osnovne algebre. Za razliku od većine postojećih sustava, Algebrator je razvijen u proceduralnom programskom okruženju, bez pomoći ili utjecaja biblioteka standardnih programa za simboličku manipulaciju. Algoritmi potrebni za rješavanje algebarskih problema dizajnirani su tako da podržavaju kognitivni proces nastavnika matematike, pa su stoga primarno zasnovani na selektivnom prepoznavanju uzoraka. Kako bi se dalje povećala didaktička vrijednost sustava, razvijena je originalna metoda za stvaranje objašnjenja primjerenih kontekstu, za bilo koji korak rješavanja koji izvode simbolički algoritmi. Umjesto jednostavnog identificiranja transformacije primijenjene tijekom postupka rješavanja, Algebrator generira dinamičku strukturu podataka koja sadrži pokazivače na izvorne i transformirane algebarske izraze, korištena pravila, objašnjenja, te konkretizaciju pravila u danom kontekstu. Jednostavnost interakcije između učenika i sustava važna je u bilo kojem obrazovnom softveru. Ona je međutim, apsolutno potrebna u sustavu u kojem je sposobnost složenog unosa podataka prijeko potreban preduvjet za uspješno učenje. Prirodno težak proces unosa algebarskih izraza je u Algebratoru bitno pojednostavljen uvođenjem trenutačne povratne veze prilikom pogrešnog unosa. Takav je pristup zahtijevao implementaciju dvaju paralelnih prikazivanja algebarskih izraza (niz znakova i višestruko stablo) s korisniku neprimjetnom pretvorbom, kao i učinkovite algoritme za djelomično parsiranje i dvodimenzionalno crtanje izraza. Osim mogućnosti generiranja didaktički ispravnog procesa rješavanja, Algebrator također može prepoznati uobičajene vrste studentskih pogrešaka, tzv. "kriva pravila". Dok koncept krivih pravila nije nov, njegova izvedba unutar Algebratora jest, zbog omogućavanja dinamičkog proširenja baze predložaka krivih pravila od strane nadzornika sustava. Složenost koja proizlazi iz velikog izbora mogućnosti upravljanja programom može zaprijetiti osnovnoj obrazovnoj svrsi sustava. U Algebratoru je taj eventualni konflikt riješen tako da se nazdorniku sustava omogući pristup različitim programskim okruženjima. Ona se mogu koristiti za prilagodbu karakteristika sustava različitim skupinama učenika. Programabilnost omogućuje modifikaciju jezika i sadržaja teksta objašnjenja, prikaza postupka rješavanja, stvaranja interaktivnih lekcija za poduku, kao i dodavanje audiovizualne povratne veze. Algebrator softverski sustav je cjelovito, prilagodljivo obrazovno okruženje u domeni osnovne algebre. Zasnovan je na ispravnim teorijskim načelima kognitivne i računalne znanosti, te tako daje jedinstven i praktičan alat za učenje i podučavanje elementarne matematike.
Abstract (english) Many software systems exist to help students learn mathematics. Despite their objectives, such systems are usually unsuccessful as educational tools. The primary reason for their failure can be traced to a lack of similarity between the fundamental symbolic manipulation algorithms they use and the ones that students are expected to learn. Work presented in this dissertation is based on the premise that a symbolic manipulator for educational use must be designed differently from one that is used by professional mathematicians. As a result of this approach, the Algebrator software system for learning elementary algebra was developed. Unlike most existing systems it was implemented in a procedural programming environment, without the benefit of existing symbolic manipulation libraries or algorithms. Algorithms necessary for solution of algebraic problems were designed to mimic the thought process of elementary mathematics teachers, and therefore were primarily based on selective recognition of symbolic patterns. To further enhance the didactical value of the system, an original method was developed to create on-demand context sensitive explanations for each step performed by the symbolic engine. Instead of simply tracing transformations applied during the solution process, Algebrator creates a dynamic data structure containing references to employed rules, reasons for employing them, and, most importantly, current problem subexpressions to which they apply. The ease of interaction between the student and the system is important in any educational software. It is crucial in a system in which the ability to deal with a complex data input process is a necessary prerequisite for reaping any educational benefits. The inherently difficult process of entering mathematical expressions was substantially simplified in Algebrator by providing real-time feedback during problem input. This approach necessitated implementation of two parallel expression representations (string and multiway tree) with transparent conversion, as well as efficient partial parsing and two-dimensional expression redrawing algorithms. Besides providing a didactically sound solution process, Algebrator is able to recognize classes of common student errors, known as mal-rules. While the concept of mal-rules is not new, its implementation within the Algebrator system is, because it allows dynamic expansion of mal-rule patterns by the system supervisor. Complexity that originates from a large number of available features can threaten the basic educational objective of the system. In Algebrator, this potential conflict is resolved by providing a number of programming environments accessible only to the system supervisor. These can be used to adapt the system characteristics to fit the needs of the local student community. Programmability permits modification of explanation text language and contents; presentation of the solution process; creation of interactive tutoring sessions; and, addition of audio-visual enhancements. The resulting software system constitutes a complete, fully adaptable learning environment in the domain of pre-college algebra. It is based on sound theoretical principles of cognitive and computer science, and also provides a unique and practical tool for teaching and learning elementary mathematics.
Keywords
Simbolička algebra
simboličko računanje
prekrivni sustav
inteligentni sustav poduke
ekspertni sustav
interakcija čovjek-računalo
Keywords (english)
Computer algebra
symbolic computation
term rewriting
intelligent tutoring systems
expert systems
human-computer interaction
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:168:442371
Study programme Title: Computer Science Study programme type: university Study level: postgraduate Academic / professional title: Doktor znanosti (Doktor znanosti)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Closed access
Terms of use
Created on 2019-04-24 13:38:22