Title Model reverzibilne hidroelektrane Title (english) Hydroelectric pumping station Author Ivan Lovrić Mentor Sejid Tešnjak (mentor)Committee member Sejid Tešnjak (predsjednik povjerenstva)Committee member Tomislav Tomiša (član povjerenstva)Committee member Ninoslav Holjevac (član povjerenstva)Granter University of Zagreb Defense date and country 2014-07-14, Croatia Scientific / art field, TECHNICAL SCIENCES Abstract U ovom radu obrađene su reverzibilne hidroelektrane, njihov razvoj kroz povijest i tehnologije koje očekujemo vidjeti u budućnosti. U prošlom stoljeću osjeti se veliki napredak u ovoj grani energetike, na sustavima velike i male snage. Jedan od razloga zbog kojih je došlo do toga je razvoj tehnologija s većom efikasnosti, kao npr. reverzibilne Francis-turbine i sustava s varijabilnom brzinom turbine koji omogućuje bolju sinkronizaciju s mrežom...
Prikazana je struktura reverzibilne
... More hidroelektrane u ovisnosti o duljini vodenog tunela te struktura i osnovni dijelovi reverzibilne pumpe/turbine i motora/generatora pomoću slike. Objašnjena je veličina spremnika u ovisnosti o LOLE-u (loss of load expectation), te kako se odnosi rizik od pomanjkanja vode u spremniku s obzirom na: godišnja doba (svaki od navedenih mjeseci predstavlja godišnje doba), udio reverzibilnih hidroelektrana u ukupnoj proizvodnji električne energije.
Uspoređeni su životni vijek, kapitalni trošak, gustoća pohranjene energije i efikasnost s drugim danas popularnim tehnologijama te su pokazane prednosti i nedostatci u odnosu na iste.
Detaljnija struktura, princip rada i tehnički detalji reverzibilne hidroelektrane postrojenja objašnjeni su na našoj RHE Velebit, kao i njezini osnovni energetski podaci. Najznačajnije varijable za dizajn RHE postrojenja su volumen gornjeg spremnika vode i razlika visine između gornjeg i donjeg spremnika vode. Ostali bitni parametri su dizajn donjeg spremnika vode, izrada brane te izbor pumpe i turbine.
Efikasnost, izvodljivost i ekonomija reverzibilnih hidroelektrana su također obrađeni. Uobičajena ukupna efikasnost postrojenja danas se nalazi u intervalu od 75% do 80%. Gubici nastaju u svakoj individualnoj komponenti strukture, isparavanjem vode, i kao posljedica trenja. Iako postoje nedostaci, određeno je da ih prednosti reverzibilnih hidroelektrana nadmašuju. Stručnjaci procjenjuju da SAD, Afrika, Azija, Oceanija i Južna Amerika svi posjeduju potencijal za razvijanje još preko 1000 GW kapaciteta, što pobija tvrdnju da su geografski zahtjevi za izgradnju takvih postrojenja preveliki.
Obrađen je i način na koji reverzibilna hidroelektrana sudjeluje u radu vjetroagregata. Model koji je prikazan koristi odvojene pumpe i turbine što se danas sve rjeđe viđa, te je opisan način i jednadžbe koje kontrolni sustav mora ispunjavati kako bi održao stabilnost elektroenergetskog sustava.
Gledajući razvoj novih tehnologija primjećujemo da je većina pažnje usmjerena prema trenutnim ekološkim problemima. To uključuje razvoj podvodnih spremnika, razvoj postrojenja s oceanom kao donjim spremnikom vode, podzemnih postrojenja, te kombiniranje RHE s vjetroelektranama. Tim načinom dobili bi znatno veći broj potencijalnih lokacija za izgradnju postrojenja i veću ekološku prihvatljivost tih projekata.
Less Abstract (english) This paper reviews pumped hydroelectric storage, it's development throughtout history and new technologies that are being researched. The technology has grown significantly during the past century, both in large and small scale applications. One of the main reasons that lead to this is the development of more efficient technologies, such as the reversible Francis-turbine and variable speed turbines that allow better synchronization with the electric grid...
The structure of pumped
... More hydroelectric storage that depends on the length of the water tunnel is explained along with the structure and basic parts of reversible pump/turbine and motor/generator. After that the paper reviews how does the reservoir size depend on LOLE (loss of load expectation), and how it relates to the risk of water shortage in reservoir.
The lifetime, capital cost, energy density and efficiency are compared with other usable techologies such as CAES, SMES, secondary batteries etc, the advanteges and disadvanteges of pumped hydroelectric storage are shown in relation to the same.
Detail structure and tehical details were explained on Croatian PHS Velebit along with it's energy data. Most important parameter for designing pumped hydro systems are the volume of the upper reservoir and the height difference between the upper and lower reservoir. Except those, other important parameters are the desing of the lower reservoir, the dam design and the choice of pumps and turbines.
The usual efficiency of pumped hydro system is around 75% - 80%. The losses in efficiency are a result of the inefficiency of the individual components, evaporation of water and friction losses. USA analysis shows that USA has the potential for developing over 1000 GW more of pumped hydro energy capacity. Similar potential are found in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America.
The way that a pumped hydro storage is participating in the work of the wind plant is demonstrated. The model that is shown is using separate pumps and turbine which are nowadays rarely seen. The main part in maintenance of the stability of the power system is with the control center, who has to fulfill the given equations.
Looking at the future development of the pumped hydro storage, it's found that most of them are addressing to the current environmental concerns related to current hydro systems. That includes the development of underground PHS facilities, seawater systems and combining pumped hydro energy storage with wind turbines. Those developments would make PHS more environmentally acceptable and practical to use in more location then it is now.
Less Keywords
Reverzibilne hidroelektrane
Hidroenergija
Elektroenergetski sustav
Keywords (english)
Pumped hydroelectric storage
Hydro Energy
Electroenergetic system
Language croatian URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:168:085651 Study programme Title: Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Type of resource Text File origin Born digital Access conditions Closed access Terms of use Public note Created on 2018-02-05 17:41:10
